The covert action toolkit under fire after revelations of extra-constitutional actions during the Church committee hearings and reports of 1975-76, have been expanded to include economic instruments that are viewed as "soft" power, but cause much more widespread damage. The substitution thesis posits that regime change objectives never faded after the revelations, rather the foreign policy establishment just exchanged paramilitary activity with primary and secondary sanctions

This article examines Venezuela as the present-tense case study, surveys the ongoing operations that receive far less attention, and asks the only question that ultimately matters: what does the choice between republic and empire look like when the empire is not a memory but a current event?

This episode surveys thirty years of CIA covert operations—from the recruitment of Nazi war criminals in Operation Paperclip, through the infiltration of American media in Operation Mockingbird, to the overthrow of governments in Cuba, the Congo, Indonesia, and Chile. We examine the documented conflict between President Kennedy and the CIA, the mass casualties in Indonesia’s 1965-66 massacres, and the Church Committee’s brief moment of accountability. Throughout, we trace how