The “Old Right”—a term applied retrospectively to the coalition that opposed American intervention in World War II—represented the last significant American political movement to defend the founders’ foreign policy of non-intervention. Their arguments were not answered; they were rendered moot by Pearl Harbor and then retroactively discredited by court historians who wrote the interventionists’ perspective into scholarly consensus. The phrase “isolationist,” applied as a pejo

One year. 1937. A handful of Supreme Court decisions. And the entire structure of American federalism—limits on spending, boundaries between federal and state authority, judicial protection of economic liberty—all of it swept away. This is Episode 4, this is the constitutional revolution. The moment Hamilton’s vision finally, completely, and irreversibly triumphs over Madison’s restraint.

By 1937, the United States stood at the brink of both economic despair and constitutional transformation. The Great Depression had gutted industry, wiped out banks, and left one in four Americans without work. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal promised salvation through action — and what it delivered was not just federal policy, but federal power.