We measure every president two ways — economic freedom and civil liberty — and a president has to move the country toward freedom on both to make the list. That single rule reshapes everything, and it is why the most famous "small government" names are not always where you expect. The question underneath all of it: did this leave Americans more free, or more governed?

The series opener makes a single, startling claim: the truths the Declaration of Independence calls self-evident were not invented in Philadelphia. They were inherited — refined across more than two thousand years, in more than one civilization, by men who rarely knew one another. Jefferson himself said as much, naming Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, and Sidney as the “elementary books” behind the Declaration. This episode establishes that the Founders were readers before they were